Primer etches, cleans, and starts to soften the plastic so that when you apply the cement, it can better do its job. So, while if you just used primer and shoved things together, you might end up with the pipe and fitting stuck together, it wouldn't be a full strong joint, nor would the dissolved plastic in the cement be there to fill in any imperfections and allow you to bottom out the pipe into the fitting the designed length easily, if at all . So, neither one alone will get you the designed seal.
FWIW, depending on the geometry and whether things are anchored well, a joint can allow the pipe to move for well longer than 5-10 seconds. Keep in mind that the socket is tapered slightly (that's why you can't put the pipe in all the way until the cement softens it), that taper will try to eject the pipe from it until things are solidified. That can take longer than you might think in some situations. That can ruin your day if you need to step away for a few minutes and when you come back, things are out of whack and solidly attached as gravity or pressure moved things.