The clear cup and ball is the check valve. Normally there would then be no check valve in the brine tank. The ball floats near the top
Between regenerations that would normally be full of water, because it was refilled during the last cycle, which ended with brine fill.
When regeneration starts moves from backwash and then brine fill, the level of the water drops maybe an inch(?), and the ball dances around the top of the water. The top area has a partial vacuum as water is being sucked in.
When the brine has been sucked down below the tube that goes near the bottom of the brine tank, water continues to be sucked, but air is coming into the tube. Thus the water level drops until the ball plugs the exit hole at the bottom of the clear cup. Last, the ball and water level move back up during brine fill.
As you face the control, input is on the left and output is on the right-- opposite of Fleck and Clack.