We just figured this out after an hour of trial and error. Documenting it here in case anyone else stumbles across this page also looking for answers.
Our tenant also had a similar faucet made by Globe Union, model #FP4A4066BNV. The model number is on a white sticker wrapped around the cold water fitting on the underside of the faucet.
The sprayer hose is connected to the copper pipe via two pieces of white plastic, an upper ring and a lower tube. Push the tube up so that its top edge touches the upper ring. This will release the pressure on the plastic teeth and allow you to slide the whole assembly down and off the copper fitting.
To reconnect, do the opposite. With tube and ring held together, slide them onto the metal fitting. Then hold the upper ring in place while pulling down on the plastic tube. This should put pressure on the teeth and cause them to lock in place.
The bottom end of the white tube also unscrews from the flexible hose beneath it. However if your goal is to clean out the mineral bits that have accumulated inside the tube (as ours was), you will need to disconnect both ends so you can clean out the debris.